Cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov puas zoo ib yam rau cov khoom siv hlau sib txawv?

Ib, Lub hauv paus rau kev sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem cov ntsiab lus
Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb tom qab kev kho cua sov hlau yog siv qhov kub thiab txias los tswj kev txav ntawm atoms thiab kev hloov ntawm theem. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau yam hlau muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los npaj lawv cov atoms thiab hloov cov theem.
Hlau-raws li alloys (steel): Raws li cov hlau-carbon theem daim duab, cov txheej txheem xws li austenitization thiab martensitic transformation ua rau cov khoom muaj zog. Piv txwv li, kom ua tiav cov qauv ntawm 45 # steel, nws yuav tsum tau ua kom sov rau 840–860℃thiab tom qab ntawd txias sai sai ua martensite, uas muaj hardness ntawm HRC50–55.
Aluminium alloy: nyob ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv dag zog thiab kev laus zog cov txheej txheem. Piv txwv li, thaum ua hauj lwm nrog 6061 txhuas alloy, kev kho mob txhais tau hais tias tuav nws ntawm 530-540℃rau 4-6 teev kom yaj tag Mg ₂ Si theem. Tom qab ntawd, nws yog quenched hauv dej los ua ib qho kev daws teeb meem supersaturated, thiab thaum kawg, nws muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 175℃los ua kom muaj zog nanoscale theem. Nws muaj peev xwm nce lub zog tensile ntawm 180MPa rau 310MPa.
Rau titanium alloys, kev kho cua sov hauv cheeb tsam beta theem tswj cov microstructure. Los ntawm huab cua txias TC4 titanium alloy tom qab cov khoom siv kho mob hauv thaj tsam theem ntawm 980-1020 degree, nws tuaj yeem tau txais txheej txheej + qauv nrog lub zog tensile ntawm 1100 MPa. Yog tias kev kho mob isothermal ua tiav ntawm 850 degree, equiaxed alpha theem tuaj yeem tsim tau, thiab tus nqi elongation tuaj yeem nce mus rau 15%.
2, Kev sib txawv ntawm kev ua cov txheej txheem
Ntau hom hlau tau tsim lawv tus kheej cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov vim tias lawv muaj cov kev xav tau sib txawv.
1. Ntau txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv hlau
quenching thiab tempering: kom tau siab hardness (HRC62-65) thiab hnav tsis kam, siab carbon hlau hlau (zoo li T10A) yuav tsum tau quenched ntawm 1000-1050℃thiab tempered ntawm 200 degree. Yuav kom tau txais cov qauv tempered martensite, 42CrMo quenched thiab tempered steel yuav tsum tau quenched ntawm 850℃thiab tempered ntawm 550 degree. Cov qauv no ua ke nrog lub zog (σ b Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 1080MPa) thiab tawv (ak Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 39J).
Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb: Cryogenic kev kho mob (-196℃kua nitrogen txias) tuaj yeem tig rov qab austenite rau hauv martensite, ua rau 9Cr18Mo bearing steel 1-2HRC nyuaj; induction cua sov nto quenching tuaj yeem ua rau 5 hli tuab txheej txheej ntawm lub iav nto thaum ua kom cov tub ntxhais tawv.
2. Cov txheej txheem uas tsuas yog rau cov hlau tsis yog -ferrous
T6 kev kho mob (khoom tov + dag dag) yog txoj hauv kev ua kom 6000 series txhuas alloys muaj zog. Txhawm rau sib npaug lub zog thiab kev ntxhov siab corrosion, 7075 aluminium alloy xav tau T74 ob -theem laus (120℃/ 24h → 160℃/ 8h).
Copper alloy: Beryllium bronze (QBe2) tsim 'theem thaum nws muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 320-340 degree, thiab nws muaj hardness ntawm HRC38-42. Brass (H62) yog kev ntxhov siab-relieved ntawm 300–350℃kom tshem tau cov txias ua hauj lwm hardening.
Magnesium alloy: Tom qab raug kho hauv cov tshuaj ntawm 415 degree, AZ91D magnesium alloy ua rau - Mg ₁₇ Al ₁₂ theem los ntawm kev laus ntawm 175℃. Qhov no ua rau lub zog tawm los 30% muaj zog dua.
3. Cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb rau cov hlau refractory
Tungsten alloy: xav tau recrystallization annealing ntawm 1400-1600℃kom tshem tau cov haujlwm txias txias, thiab cov nplej loj yuav tsum khaws cia tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 50 μm kom lub zog ntawm qhov kub thiab txias.
Molybdenum alloy: txhawm rau txhim kho hluav taws xob puas tsuaj thiab coj rov qab ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nuclear reactor, nws yog annealed ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1800-2000 degree.
3, Cov kev cai lij choj uas muaj feem rau kev tsim qauv
Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem tsis muaj ntau haiv neeg, qhov kev kho cua sov tsim rau ntau hom khoom siv hlau ua raws li cov cai yooj yim no:
Daim duab qhia theem yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb tom qab tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim. Qhov ntsuas kub tseem ceeb (Ac ₁, Ac ∝, Ms, thiab lwm yam) yog siv los xaiv qhov kub thiab txias. Piv txwv li, kom yaj tag nrho cov carbides nyob rau hauv 304 stainless hlau, nws yuav tsum tau rhuab mus rau 1050-1100 degree.
Kev tswj qhov txias txias: Xaiv qhov nruab nrab (dej, roj, polymer, thiab lwm yam) kom tswj tau qhov txias txias thiab tau txais cov ntaub so ntswg hloov hauv ib txoj kev. Dej quenching tuaj yeem tig siab - carbon steel rau hauv martensite, thaum cov roj quenching tuaj yeem ua kom qis - alloy steel los ntawm kev tawg.
Kev ntxhov siab annealing (piv txwv li, steel ntawm 300-400℃thiab aluminium alloy ntawm 150-200 degree) yog siv los tshem tawm cov kev ntxhov siab thiab ua kom cov khoom tsis txhob khoov lossis tawg. Hloov kev kho cua sov, kev co aging (VSR) yog dav siv los txo cov kev ntxhov siab hauv aircraft aluminium alloy qhov chaw.
Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qhov chaw hloov kho: siv tshuaj kho cua sov (carburizing, nitriding) thiab nto quenching ua ke kom tau txais ntau theem ntawm kev ua tau zoo. Piv txwv li, cov iav yog carburized nrog 20CrMnTi (930℃× 8h), quenched, thiab tempered ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Qhov no ua rau lawv muaj qhov tawv tawv ntawm HRC58-62 thiab ua kom lawv tawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais.
4, Tus thawj coj ntawm kev txhim kho txheej txheem
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau dhau los, cov txheej txheem kho cua sov tau nthuav tawm cov qauv tshiab hauv qab no:
Laser/electron beam kho cua sov hauv zos yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tswj qhov kub ntawm qhov chaw me me ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg. Nws yog siv los ua cov roj zaj duab xis qhov nyob ib ncig ntawm lub dav hlau cav hniav muaj zog.
Cov txheej txheem ntse: Nws tuaj yeem kwv yees li cas cov ntaub so ntswg yuav hloov pauv thiab txhim kho qhov ntsuas raws li cov txheej txheem kev kho cua sov thib ob. Piv txwv li, GE siv ProCAST software kom lub turbine disk los ntawm deforming ntau tshaj 0.1 hli thaum quenching.
Tshuab ua tej yam nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev ntsuab: Tsis tshua muaj siab carburizing (LPC) hloov cov tsoos roj carburizing los txo CO₂ emissions. Quenching roj hloov tshuab (xws li PAG polymer) txo qis VOC emissions.